HISTORY OF BULGARIA
Prehistoric and Thracian Period (7000 BC – AD 46) The territory of modern Bulgaria has been inhabited since the Neolithic era. The Varna Necropolis, discovered in 1972, contains the oldest processed gold in the world (c. 4560-4450 BC), evidence of the remarkable craftsmanship of its ancient inhabitants. The Thracians, an ancient Indo-European people, developed an extraordinary civilization known for its gold treasures, temples, tombs, and mythology. Among the most significant finds are the Panagyurishte Treasure (exquisite 4th-century BC gold artifacts) and the Rogozen Treasure (a collection of 165 silver vessels), both ranked among the most valuable Thracian discoveries ever found. Roman and Early Christian period (46 AD - 7th century) The Romans incorporated Thrace into their empire, founding important cities such as Serdica (Sofia), Plovdiv, and Stara Zagora. Christianity spread during this era. First Bulgarian Empire (681-1018) In 681, Khan Asparuh founded the Bulgarian state. Major achievements include:• Expansion of the state to the Black Sea, the Adriatic Sea, and the Aegean Sea• Adoption of Christianity as the official religion in 864 under Prince Boris I• Creation of the Slavic alphabet by Saints Cyril and Methodius and their disciples
Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) After a period of Byzantine domination, Bulgaria was reestablished by the Asen dynasty.This period is marked by:• cultural flourishing known as the Tarnovo School• development of literature, architecture, and fresco art• growth of major medieval cities Ottoman rule (1396-1878) For almost five centuries, Bulgaria was under Ottoman domination. Despite the difficulties, Bulgarian identity, religion, and traditions were preserved thanks to monasteries, schools, folklore, and traditional crafts. National Revival (18th-19th century) A period of cultural, architectural, and educational flourishing leading to the liberation from Ottoman rule in 1878. Modern Bulgaria (1878-present) After liberation, Bulgaria was a monarchy, then became a republic in 1946. The democratic transition occurred in 1989. Today, Bulgaria is a stable European country with preserved cultural heritage, thriving tourism, and internationally recognized rose oil production.
